Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a medical procedure involving the infusion of bone marrow, peripheral blood progenitor cells, or cord blood cells into a patient. This process typically follows a course of high or moderate intensity chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with the aim of re-establishing a functional hematopoietic system.

There are primarily two types of HCT procedures—autografts and allogeneic transplants (allografts). In autografts, patients receive their own previously harvested cells, a common approach in treating certain malignancies such as lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Allogeneic transplants, on the other hand, utilize matching donor cells with compatible human leukocyte antigens (HLA), sourced either from family members or unrelated donors.

The decision to proceed with HCT often comes into play for patients at high risk of treatment failure with standard options or those who have not achieved remission following initial therapies. This advanced modality is typically reserved for patients where alternative treatments have not yielded satisfactory results.

While autografts are notably utilized in the management of lymphomas and myeloma, they are seldom used for leukemias. Allogeneic transplants are chosen for their utility in treating leukemias and certain lymphomas, signifying their critical role in addressing hematologic issues that resist standard treatments.

Through rigorous patient evaluation and eligibility criteria, healthcare providers determine the most appropriate course of action in pursuing HCT, ensuring tailored treatment plans that cater to the specific needs of the patient.

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For further reading on hematopoietic cell transplantation, please explore the following reference:
Kanate AS, Majhail NS, Savani BN, etc.: Indications for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Immune Effector Cell Therapy: Guidelines from the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy.

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